Showing posts with label and. Show all posts
Showing posts with label and. Show all posts
Wednesday, March 18, 2015
THE POST WAR DREAMS THE FINAL CUT LYRICS REVIEW AND PERSPECTIVES
Let me begin by saying that I dont know what else the song can do - but I am sure it has a very strong motivational power behind.Its not a song which you simply listen and say - "Aw,such beauty did I find in there!.Its far more than that and its much,much deeper.The Lyrics are here -
[Car sound, switching on of car radio]
"...announced plans to build a nuclear fallout shelter at Peterborough
in Cambridgeshire..."
[phzzt! of returning]
"...three high court judges have cleared the way..."
[phzzt!]
"...It was announced today, that the replacement for the Atlantic
Conveyor the container ship lost in the Falklands conflict would be
built in Japan, a spokesman for..."
[phzzt!]
"...moving in. They say the third world countries, like Bolivia, which
produce the drug are suffering from rising violence...[fades]"
Tell me true, tell me why, was Jesus crucified
Is it for this that Daddy died?
Was it for you? Was it me?
Did I watch too much T.V.?
Is that a hint of accusation in your eyes?
If it wasnt for the nips
Being so good at building ships
The yards would still be open on the clyde.
And it cant be much fun for them
Beneath the rising sun
With all their kids committing suicide.
What have we done, Maggie what have we done?
What have we done to England?
Should we shout, should we scream
"What happened to the post war dream?"
Oh Maggie, Maggie what have we done?
I could almost understand line by line Waters emotions regarding his fathers death - nothing else can make a person write so emotional,according to me.This is the point I started wondering if you can be more left-wing,without the name of a party beside you.
I am not blaming any person,neither any party.I am meaning no offence but I just was thinking that David Gilmour is a supporter of UK Labour Party,he is left-wing,he has spoken about the left out in our society once or twice - but that was it.He never attacked Margaret Thatcher (huge fraud) in such a way,he never protested for the middle east.But Waters continued to do it,he received no special honours from the British government,thats true,but we all,these millions of fans know that he was so purely talented.What impresses me is that Roger was not diplomatic,what most of the world tries to be these days - he never even tried to be diplomatic.This song expresses his frustration about the Falklands War.Those British soldiers who lived every moment with the post-war dreams,what about them?They dreamed of a much less diplomat,more peaceful England. Coming to the review of the song,I would give the scores -
MELODY - 4.9/5
INSTRUMENTALS - 5/5
LYRICS - 5/5
THE VOICE BEHIND - 5/5
As a Song - {(19.9/20) * 100%} = 99.5%
For the review of The Final Cut from the same album please click on the link provided.
Data Credit : Wikipedia (Information about the album and Post War Dreams concept.)
Lyrics - Please refer to the What is a Perspective? section of this blog.
Monday, March 16, 2015
FETAL BLOOD AND CIRCULATION
- Introduction
- Throughout the fetal stage of development, the maternal blood supplies the fetus with O2 and nutrients and carries away its wastes.
- These substances diffuse between the maternal and fetal blood through the placental membrane.
- They are carried to and from the fetal body by the umbilical blood vessels.
- Adaptations of fetal blood and vascular system.
- The concentration of hemoglobin in fetal blood is about 50 % greater than in maternal blood.
- Fetal hemoglobin is slightly different chemically and has a greater affinity for O2 than maternal hemoglobin.
- At a particular oxygen partial pressure, fetal hemoglobin can carry 20-30% more O2 than maternal hemoglobin.
- Fetal Circulation OH-98
- In the fetal circulatory system, the umbilical vein transports blood rich in O2 and nutrients from the placenta to the fetal body.
- The umbilical vein enters the body through the umbilical ring and travels along the anterior abdominal wall to the liver.
- About 1/2 the blood it carries passes into the liver.
- The other 1/2 of the blood enters a vessel called the ductus venosus which bypasses the liver.
- The ductus venosus travels a short distance and joins the inferior vena cava.
- There, the oxygenated blood from the placenta is mixed with the deoxygenated blood from the lower parts of the body.
- This mixture continues through the vena cava to the right atrium.
- In the adult heart, blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle then through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs.
- In the fetus however, the lungs are nonfunctional and the blood largely bypasses them.
- As the blood from the inferior vena cava enters the right atrium, a large proportion of it is shunted directly into the left atrium through an opening called the foramen ovale.
- A small valve, septum primum is located on the left side of the atrial septum overlies the foramen ovale and helps prevent blood from moving in the reverse direction.
- The rest of the fetal blood entering the right atrium, including a large proportion of the deoxygenated blood entering from the superior vena cava passes into the right ventricle and out through the pulmonary trunk.
- Only a small volume of blood enters the pulmonary circuit, because the lungs are collapsed, and their blood vessels have a high resistance to flow.
- Enough blood reaches the lung tissue to sustain them.
- Only a small volume of blood enters the pulmonary circuit, because the lungs are collapsed, and their blood vessels have a high resistance to flow.
- Most of the blood in the pulmonary trunk bypasses the lungs by entering a fetal vessel called the ductus arteriosus which connects the pulmonary trunk to the descending portion of theaortic arch.
- As a result of this connection, the blood with a relatively low O2 concentration which is returning to the heart through the superior vena cava, bypasses the lungs.
- At the same time, the blood is prevented from entering the portion of the aorta that provides branches leading to the brain.
- The more highly oxygenated blood that enters the left atrium through the foramen ovale is mixed with a small amount of deoxygenated blood returning from the pulmonary veins.
- This mixture moves into the left ventricle and is pumped into the aorta.
- Some of it reaches the myocardium through the coronary arteries and some reaches the brain through the carotid arteries.
- This mixture moves into the left ventricle and is pumped into the aorta.
- The blood carried by the descending aorta is partially oxygenated and partially deoxygenated.
- Some of it is carries into the branches of the aorta that lead to various parts of the lower regions of the body.
- The rest passes into the umbilical arteries, which branch from the internal iliac arteries and lead to the placenta.
- There the blood is reoxygenated.
- The umbilical vein enters the body through the umbilical ring and travels along the anterior abdominal wall to the liver.
- The Newborn
- The initial inflation of the lungs causes important changes in the circulatory system.
- Inflation of the lungs reduces the resistance to blood flow through the lungs resulting in increases blood flow from the pulmonary arteries.
- Consequently, an increased amount of blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle and into the pulmonary arteries and less blood flows through the foramen ovale to the left atrium.
- In addition, an increased volume of blood returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, which increases the pressure in the left atrium.
- The increased left atrial pressure and decreased right atrial pressure (due to pulmonary resistance) forces blood against the septum primum causing the foramen ovale to close.
- This action functionally completes the separation of the heart into two pumps--right and left sides of the heart.
- The closed foramen ovale becomes the fossa ovalis.
- The ductus arteriosis, which connects the pulmonary trunk to the systemic circulation, closes off within 1-2 days after birth.
- Once closed, the ductus arteriosus is replaced by connective tissue and is known as the ligamentum arteriosum.
- The ductus arteriosis, which connects the pulmonary trunk to the systemic circulation, closes off within 1-2 days after birth.
- If the ductus arteriosus does not completely close it is said to be patent.
- This is a serious birth defect resulting in marked elevation in pulmonary pressure because blood flows from the left ventricle to the aorta, through the ductus arteriosus to the pulmonary arteries.
- If not corrected, it can lead to irreversible degenerative changes in the.heart and lungs.
- The fetal blood supply passes to the placenta through two (2) umbilical arteries from the internal iliac arteries and returns through an umbilical vein which passes through the liver, ductus venosus, and joins the inferior vena cava.
- When the umbilical cord is cut, no more blood flows through the umbilical arteries and vein and they degenerate.
- The remnant of the umbilical vein becomes the round ligament of the liver and the ductus venosum becomes the ligamentum venosum.
Sunday, March 15, 2015
INORGANIC ACIDS BASES AND SALTS
INORGANIC ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
DISSOCIATION
Separation of inorganic acids , bases or salt into ions in a solution.
ACID
A substance that dissociates into 1 or more hydrogen ions H+ and 1 or more anions.
Because H+ ion is a single proton with 1 positive charge, an acid is referred to as PROTON DONOR.
eg. H2SO4
BASE
A substance that dissociates into 1 or more hydroxide ions OH- and 1 or more cations.
-Removes H+ from a solution.
is therefore a proton acceptor .
eg. NaOH
SALT
When dissolved in water, dissociates into cation and anions
- neither of which is H+ or OH-
Acids and bases react with 1 another to form salts.
eg
HCl + KOH - H+ Cl- + K+ OH-
acid base ions
- KCl + H2O
salt
This is an exchange reaction
In body
Salts such as KCl are electrolytes
- carry electrical currents especially in nerves and muscle tissues.
ACID - BASE BALANCE : THE CONCEPT OF pH
The more hydrogen ions H+ dissolved in a solution, the more acidic the solution.
The more hydroxide ions OH- , the more basic or alkaline the solution.
pH SCALE
A solutions acidity or alkalinity is expressed on the pH scale.
Extends from 0 to 14.
Is based on the concentration of H+ in moles/L.
A pH of 7 means that
- a solution contains 1 ten millionth
= 1 x 107 (0.0000001) of a mole of H+ ions per liter
To convert the value of pH
The negative exponent (-7) is changed to a positive number(7).
eg. A solution with a H+ concentration of 10-6 moles per liter has a pH of 6
The midpoint of pH scle is 7
where concentration of OH- and H+ are equal.
A substance with a pH of 7 is neutral.
eg. H2O
A solution that has more H+ ions than OH- is an acidic solution
-pH below 7
eg. H2SO4
A solution that has more OH- ions than H+ is a
basic or alkaline solution.
-pH above 7.
eg. NaOH
pH VALUE OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES
Saliva is slightly acidic.
Semen is slightly basic.
Urine is acidic because kidneys help remove excess acid from body.
Homeostatic mechanisms maintain the pH of blood between 7.35 and 7.45
which is slightly more basic than pure water.
If pH of blood below 7.35 = acidosis.
If pH of blood above 7.45 = alkalosis.
BUFFER SYSTEMS
Convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases.
Strong acids or bases ionize easily
- contribute many H+ or OH - to a solution
- they can change pH drastically , which can disrupt
the bodys metabolism.
Weak acids or bases do not ionize as much
contribute fewer H+ or OH-
Hence they have less effect on the pH.
BUFFERS
The chemical compounds that can convert strong acids or bases into weak ones.
They do so by removing or adding protons(H+)
eg. Carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer system.
H+ + HCO3- - H2CO3
If there is an excess of H+ (acidic condition) HCO3- can function as a weak base and remove the excess H+.
If there is a shortage of H+ (alkaline condition) , H2CO3 can function as a weak acid and provide needed H+
H2CO3 - H+ + HCO3-
Carbonic acid can act as a weak acid.
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3) can act as a weak base.
Read more »
DISSOCIATION
Separation of inorganic acids , bases or salt into ions in a solution.
ACID
A substance that dissociates into 1 or more hydrogen ions H+ and 1 or more anions.
Because H+ ion is a single proton with 1 positive charge, an acid is referred to as PROTON DONOR.
eg. H2SO4
BASE
A substance that dissociates into 1 or more hydroxide ions OH- and 1 or more cations.
-Removes H+ from a solution.
is therefore a proton acceptor .
eg. NaOH
SALT
When dissolved in water, dissociates into cation and anions
- neither of which is H+ or OH-
Acids and bases react with 1 another to form salts.
eg
HCl + KOH - H+ Cl- + K+ OH-
acid base ions
- KCl + H2O
salt
This is an exchange reaction
In body
Salts such as KCl are electrolytes
- carry electrical currents especially in nerves and muscle tissues.
ACID - BASE BALANCE : THE CONCEPT OF pH
The more hydrogen ions H+ dissolved in a solution, the more acidic the solution.
The more hydroxide ions OH- , the more basic or alkaline the solution.
pH SCALE
A solutions acidity or alkalinity is expressed on the pH scale.
Extends from 0 to 14.
Is based on the concentration of H+ in moles/L.
A pH of 7 means that
- a solution contains 1 ten millionth
= 1 x 107 (0.0000001) of a mole of H+ ions per liter
To convert the value of pH
The negative exponent (-7) is changed to a positive number(7).
eg. A solution with a H+ concentration of 10-6 moles per liter has a pH of 6
The midpoint of pH scle is 7
where concentration of OH- and H+ are equal.
A substance with a pH of 7 is neutral.
eg. H2O
A solution that has more H+ ions than OH- is an acidic solution
-pH below 7
eg. H2SO4
A solution that has more OH- ions than H+ is a
basic or alkaline solution.
-pH above 7.
eg. NaOH
pH VALUE OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES
Gastric juice 1.2- 3
Lemon juice 2.3
Vinegar 3
Carbonated soft drink 3.0- 3.5
Orange juice 3.5
Vaginal fluid 3.5 - 4.5
Tomato juice 4.2
Coffee 5
Urine 4.6 - 8
Saliva 6.35 - 6.85
Milk 6.8
Distilled/ pure water 7
Blood 7.35- 7.45
Semen 7.20 - 7.60
Cerebrospinal fluid 7.4
Pancreatic juice 7.1 - 8.2
Bile 7.6- 8.6
Milk of magnesia 10.5
Sodium hydroxide / lye 14
Saliva is slightly acidic.
Semen is slightly basic.
Urine is acidic because kidneys help remove excess acid from body.
Homeostatic mechanisms maintain the pH of blood between 7.35 and 7.45
which is slightly more basic than pure water.
If pH of blood below 7.35 = acidosis.
If pH of blood above 7.45 = alkalosis.
BUFFER SYSTEMS
Convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases.
Strong acids or bases ionize easily
- contribute many H+ or OH - to a solution
- they can change pH drastically , which can disrupt
the bodys metabolism.
Weak acids or bases do not ionize as much
contribute fewer H+ or OH-
Hence they have less effect on the pH.
BUFFERS
The chemical compounds that can convert strong acids or bases into weak ones.
They do so by removing or adding protons(H+)
eg. Carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer system.
H+ + HCO3- - H2CO3
If there is an excess of H+ (acidic condition) HCO3- can function as a weak base and remove the excess H+.
If there is a shortage of H+ (alkaline condition) , H2CO3 can function as a weak acid and provide needed H+
H2CO3 - H+ + HCO3-
Carbonic acid can act as a weak acid.
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3) can act as a weak base.
Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Twelfth Edition
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Author: Warren E. Levinson - ISBN: B0089NUWIA - Language: English - Format: PDF, EPUB
DESCRIPTION
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easy read for sure....for even someone who is studying Micro for first time
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Fluid and Electrolytes
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