Monday, March 16, 2015

Edema

Extravasation of fluid into interstitial space
Can be mild to life threatening
e.g. – edema after minor trauma in extremities to pulmonary edema

ANASARCA= Severe, generalized edema of the whole body.

HYDROTHORAX= Excessive fluid in the pleural cavity.

HYDROPERICARDIUM= Excessive fluid in the pericardial cavity.

HYDROPERITONEUM= Excessive fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Also called ASCITES


Distribution of water in human body

2/3rd law:
Total water: 2/3rd of lean body weight
ICF: 2/3rd of total body water
ECF: 1/3rd of total body water
Interstitial fluid: 2/3rd of ECF
Plasma: 1/3rd of ECF




Pathophysiologic Classification of Edema

Increased Hydrostatic Pressure
Impaired venous return
Congestive heart failure
Constrictive pericarditis
Venous obstruction or compression
Thrombosis
External pressure (e.g., mass)
Lower extremity inactivity with prolonged dependency
Arteriolar dilation
Heat
Neurohumoral dysregulation


Reduced Plasma Osmotic Pressure (Hypoproteinemia)
Nephrotic syndrome
Liver cirrhosis
Malnutrition
Protein losing enteropathy



Lymphatic Obstruction
Inflammatory
Neoplastic
Postsurgical
Postirradiation

Sodium Retention
Excessive salt intake with renal insufficiency
Increased tubular reabsorption of sodium
Renal hypoperfusion
Increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone secretion


Inflammation
Acute inflammation
Chronic inflammation
Angiogenesis


Microscopic

Gross – pitting and non-pitting
Pitting – Extra lymphatic cause
Non-pitting – Lymphatic cause

edema fluid is reflected primarily as a clearing and separation of the extracellular matrix elements with subtle cell swelling
Any organ or tissue in the body may be involved-- subcutaneous tissues, lungs, and brain with potential spaces (pleural, pericardial and peritoneal) are the most common ones


SUBCUTANEOUS EDEMA:
Usually seen in dependent areas of the body due to gravity. Also, when pressure applied by finger the fluid is displaced leaving a finger-shaped depression, called PITTING EDEMA.Initially seen in areas with loose connective tissue such as periorbital area.
PULMONARY EDEMA:
Weight of the lungs is 2-3 times the normal weight. Edema fluid can be removed from the lungs by suction and can be blood-tinged with extravasated RBCs.


BRAIN EDEMA:
Gyri are distended ,flattened and sulci narrow.
Brain herniation can occur and when in the foramnen magnum area can cause compromise of the cardiopulmonary center with DEATH.






Edematous lung

Edematous lung parenchyma
Edematous white matter on the side of tumor
for details click below

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